{"id":10826,"date":"2011-09-17T01:04:31","date_gmt":"2011-09-16T22:04:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/talentirosit.ro\/?p=10826"},"modified":"2013-04-14T16:00:33","modified_gmt":"2013-04-14T14:00:33","slug":"tutorial-cum-se-face-subnetare","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/juverdeanu.ro\/blog\/tutorial-cum-se-face-subnetare","title":{"rendered":"Tutorial: Cum se face subnetare"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Subnetarea este o parte a re\u0163elisticii despre care trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 habar orice angajat al unei firme de specialitate. \u015ei c\u00e2nd zic asta, m\u0103 refer la orice IS provider, inclusiv RDS.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-2052116779754131\";\n\/* 728x90 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"4468208656\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 728;\ngoogle_ad_height = 90;\n\/\/-->\n<\/script><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\">\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p>\u00cen urm\u0103 cu 2 ani, am avut nenorocul de a lucra \u00een regim de colaborare pentru o firm\u0103 care necesita banda mare. Pentru asta, cei de la RDS au oferit un ip fenomenal, de genul: 84.155.22.04\/22, care p\u0103rea, \u00een principiu, ok, dar despre care nu ni s-a mai dat absolut niciun detaliu. Practic, trebuia s\u0103 ni se comunice cum anume se bag\u0103 acel IP \u015fi ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 acel slash din coad\u0103.<\/p>\n<p>Ulterior, la facultate, s-a introdus un curs de re\u0163elistic\u0103 \u00een care se explic\u0103 exact care este treaba. Bine\u00een\u0163eles c\u0103 la disciplina respectiv\u0103 au promovat 3 studen\u0163i, iar restul au fost trimi\u015fi \u00een restan\u0163\u0103 tocmai pentru c\u0103 nu \u015ftiau s\u0103 calculeze masca re\u0163elei. Cam inacceptabil pentru un inginer &#8222;wannabe&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-2052116779754131\";\n\/* 728x90 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"4468208656\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 728;\ngoogle_ad_height = 90;\n\/\/-->\n<\/script><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\">\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Exemplul:\u00a0\u00a084.155.22.04\/22<\/p>\n<h4>1. Cum se calculeaz\u0103 masca re\u0163elei (subnet mask)?<\/h4>\n<p>Masca re\u0163elei se calculeaz\u0103 folosind algebra binar\u0103. Practic, masca re\u0163elei este format\u0103 din 32 de bi\u0163i \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163i\u0163i \u00een 4 octe\u0163i. Exact ca un ip, pentru: 0.0.0.0 ai \u00een binar: 00000000.00000000.00000000.0000000.<\/p>\n<p>Se ia, a\u015fadar, num\u0103rul, dat de ISP sau de problem\u0103, de dup\u0103 slash. \u00cen cazul nostru este vorba de 22. \u00centr-un ip nul (0.0.0.0) se completeaz\u0103 cu 22 cifre de 1, iar restul p\u00e2n\u0103 la 32 se completeaz\u0103 cu 0. Adic\u0103 22 cifre de 1 \u015fi zece cifre de zero. Avem: 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000. F\u0103c\u00e2nd conversia \u00een zecimal, rezult\u0103: 255.255.252.0<\/p>\n<h4>2. Cum afli re\u0163eaua mam\u0103?<\/h4>\n<p>Sunt trei mari clase de ip-uri care se folosesc: A, B, C. Mai sunt \u015fi D \u015fi E, dar care au leg\u0103tur\u0103 la nivele superioare. A\u015fadar, clasa se afl\u0103 \u00een func\u0163ie de primul num\u0103r din ip: 10-127 \u00a0avem clasa 1, de la 127-172 avem clasa B \u015fi de la 172-255 avem clasa C.<\/p>\n<p>Fiecare clas\u0103 are un num\u0103r de bi\u0163i \u00eemprumuta\u0163i. Adic\u0103 are un slash tr\u00e2ntit la urm\u0103. Pentru clasa A este \/8, pentru clasa B este \/16, iar pentru clasa C este un \/24.<\/p>\n<p>Re\u0163eaua mam\u0103 se stabile\u015fte pentru fiecare clasa astfel:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; pentru clasa A se copiaz\u0103 primul num\u0103r din ip, iar restul se completeaz\u0103 cu 0, dup\u0103 care se adaug\u0103 \/8<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; pentru clasa B se copiaz\u0103 primele dou\u0103 numere din ip, iar restul se completeaz\u0103 cu 0, dup\u0103 care se adaug\u0103 \/16<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; pentru clasa C se copiaz\u0103 primele trei numere din ip, iar ultimul se compleaz\u0103 cu zero, dup\u0103 care se adaug\u0103 \/24<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen exemplul nostru avem un ip de clasa A, deci re\u0163eaua mam\u0103 este: 84.0.0.0\/8<\/p>\n<h4>3. Cum afli num\u0103rul de subre\u0163ele?<\/h4>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de subre\u0163ele este dat de 2 la puterea num\u0103rului de bi\u0163i \u00eemprumuta\u0163i. Acesta se calculeaz\u0103 num\u0103rul de dup\u0103 ip-ul mam\u0103 din nump\u0103rul de dup\u0103 ip-ul dat de isp. Cele dou\u0103 de dup\u0103 slash: 22-8. Asta \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 putem avea un num\u0103r maxim de 2 la puterea a 14-a subre\u0163ele.<\/p>\n<h4>4. Cum afli num\u0103rul de gazde?<\/h4>\n<p>Num\u0103rul de gazde este dat de 2 la puterea diferen\u0163ei dintre num\u0103rul total de bi\u0163i (32) \u015fi num\u0103rul de bi\u0163i din spatele ip-ului dat. Adic\u0103 2 la puterea 32-22. De aici vom sc\u0103dea dou\u0103 adrese: una de broadcast \u015fi id-ul re\u0163elei. A\u015fadar, vom avea 2^10-2.<\/p>\n<h4>5. Cum afli ID-ul undei re\u0163ele?<\/h4>\n<p>ID-ul re\u0163elei este dat de produsul \u00een binar al ip-ului de re\u0163ea \u015fi masca acestuia. \u00cen cazul nostru, rezultatul va fi 84.155.22.0<br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"><!--\ngoogle_ad_client = \"ca-pub-2052116779754131\";\n\/* 728x90 *\/\ngoogle_ad_slot = \"4468208656\";\ngoogle_ad_width = 728;\ngoogle_ad_height = 90;\n\/\/-->\n<\/script><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\"\nsrc=\"http:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/show_ads.js\">\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h4>6. Cum afli adresa de broadcast?<\/h4>\n<p>Revenim la ID-ul re\u0163elei \u00een binar. Num\u0103r\u0103m 22 de bi\u0163i (sau ce num\u0103r va fi dat dup\u0103 slash) \u015fi tras\u0103m o linie. Dup\u0103 acea linie se transform\u0103 toate numerele \u00een 1, dup\u0103 care se transform\u0103 numerele IP-ului \u00een zecimal.<\/p>\n<p>Dac\u0103 ID re\u0163ea este:\u00a001010100.\u00a010011011.\u00a000010110. 00000000, atunci pentru adresa de broadcast se vor copia primele 22 de cifre,iar restul se vor completa cu 1, p\u00e2n\u0103 la 32. Astfel, adresa de broadcast va fi:\u00a001010100.\u00a010011011.\u00a000011111. 11111111, adic\u0103: 84.155. 31. 255.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Subnetarea este o parte a re\u0163elisticii despre care trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 habar orice angajat al unei firme de specialitate. \u015ei c\u00e2nd zic asta, m\u0103 refer la orice IS provider, inclusiv RDS. \u00cen urm\u0103 cu 2 ani, am avut nenorocul de a lucra \u00een regim de colaborare pentru o firm\u0103 care necesita banda mare. Pentru asta,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/juverdeanu.ro\/blog\/tutorial-cum-se-face-subnetare\">Continu\u0103 lectura <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Tutorial: Cum se face subnetare<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[2013,5,2012],"tags":[1394,1395,613,1396,1397,1398,1399,1400,1401,1379],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v17.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tutorial: Cum se face subnetare - Cristi Juverdeanu<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/juverdeanu.ro\/blog\/tutorial-cum-se-face-subnetare\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tutorial: Cum se face subnetare - Cristi Juverdeanu\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Subnetarea este o parte a re\u0163elisticii despre care trebuie s\u0103 aib\u0103 habar orice angajat al unei firme de specialitate. \u015ei c\u00e2nd zic asta, m\u0103 refer la orice IS provider, inclusiv RDS. \u00cen urm\u0103 cu 2 ani, am avut nenorocul de a lucra \u00een regim de colaborare pentru o firm\u0103 care necesita banda mare. 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